Ulcerations (sores) in the lining of upper part of the digestive tract are known as Peptic Ulcers. The ulcers may exist in the lower part of food pipe (oesophagus), in the stomach or in the initial part of the intestine (duodenum). About 10% of all adults are affected with Peptic ulcers at some time in their life. The incidence of Peptic ulcers is more common in males as compared to females.

The underlying process that results in Peptic ulcer formation is excess of acid production in the stomach and damage to the protective barrier inside the stomach. Certain things that can trigger excess acid production or can cause damage to the protective lining of the stomach are:

The primary cause of peptic ulcers is an imbalance between the aggressive factors that can damage the lining of the digestive tract and the protective mechanisms that normally prevent such damage. Here are some of the common causes and risk factors associated with peptic ulcers:

1) Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: This bacterium is a significant cause of peptic ulcers. It can weaken the protective mucous lining of the stomach and small intestine, allowing stomach acid to damage the lining and form an ulcer. H. pylori is a common bacterial infection, and its presence

2) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term or high-dose use of NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, can irritate and erode the stomach lining, increasing the risk of peptic ulcers. These medications are especially problematic for individuals with a history of ulcers or those who consume them regularly without proper precautions.

3) Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for peptic ulcers. It can increase stomach acid production and decrease the blood flow to the stomach lining, making it more susceptible to damage.